Dna Digestion and Electrophoresis Essay Example for Free

Dna Digestion and Electrophoresis Essay In this experiment we will be doing a process called as DNA digestion or also known as restriction digest. A restriction digest is a procedure used in molecular biology to prepare DNA for analysis or other processing. It is sometimes termed DNA fragmentation, scientists Hartl and Jones describe it this way: This enzymatic technique can be used for cleaving DNA molecules at specific sites, ensuring that all DNA fragments that contain a particular sequence have the same size; furthermore, each fragment that contains the desired sequence has the sequence located at exactly the same position within the fragment. The cleavage method makes use of an important class of DNA-cleaving enzymes isolated primarily from bacteria. These enzymes are called restriction endonucleases or restriction enzymes, and they are able to cleave DNA molecules at the positions at which particular short sequences of bases are present. The resulting digested DNA is very often selectively amplified using PCR, making it more suitable for analytical techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis, andchromatography. It is used in genetic fingerprinting, and RFLP analysis. [1] Just as mentioned above, for this experiment we will be using restriction enzymes. Restriction enzymes or restriction endonuclease are enzymes isolated from bacteria that recognize specific sequences in DNA and then cut the DNA to produce fragments, called restriction fragments. They play a very important role in the construction of recombinant DNA molecules, as is done in gene cloning experiments. [2] Restriction endonucleases such as EcoRI recognize specific palindromic sequences and cleave a phosphodiester bond on each strand at that sequence. After digestion with a restriction endonuclease the resulting DNA fragments can be separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and their size can be estimated. A restriction map is generated by using the fragment size data to determine the location of the specific endonuclease recognition sequences on the plasmid. Each restriction enzyme requires specific reaction conditions for optimum activity. One of the most important reaction conditions which varies between different restriction enzymes is the salt concentration. Enzyme buffers are specifically formulated to provide the salt concentration for optimal enzyme activity. It is important, therefore, that the correct buffer solution is used for a particular restriction enzyme. [3] For this experiment we also made use of agarose gel electrophoresis, which takes a lot of time. Electrophoresis may be the main technique for molecular separation in todays cell biology laboratory. In spite of the many physical arrangments for the apparatus, and regardless of the medium through which molecules are allowed to migrate, all electrophoretic separations depend upon the charge distribution of the molecules being separated. Electrophoresis can be one dimensional or two dimensional. One dimensional electrophoresis is used for most routine protein and nucleic acid separations. Two dimensional separation of proteins is used for finger printing , and when properly constructed can be extremely accurate in resolving all of the proteins present within a cell. The support medium for electrophoresis can be formed into a gel within a tube or it can be layered into flat sheets. The tubes are used for easy one dimensional separations, while the sheets have a larger surface area and are better for two- dimensional separations. In electrophoresis, proteins are separated on the basis of charge, and the charge of a protein can be either + or , depending upon the pH of the buffer. In normal operation, a column of gel is partitioned into three sections, known as the Separating or Running Gel, the Stacking Gel and the Sample Gel. The sample gel may be eliminated and the sample introduced via a dense non-convective medium such as sucrose. Electrodes are attached to the ends of the column and an electric current passed through the partitioned gels. If the electrodes are arranged in such a way that the upper bath is (cathode), while the lower bath is + (anode), and anions are allowed to flow toward the anode, the system is known as an anionic system. Flow in the opposite direction, with + cations flowing to the cathode is a cationic system. [4] 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_digest 2. http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/red/intro.html 3. http://csm.jmu.edu/biology/courses/bio480_580/mblab/restrict.html 4. http://homepages.gac.edu/~cellab/chpts/chpt4/intro4.html

As Performance Studies Cross Arts Project :: Drama

As Performance Studies Cross Arts Project In small groups we were given a choice of stimuli such as poems, pictures and ideas. Our group chose the idea of ‘chaos and order’ as our stimulus because we thought that there would be many ideas to develop from this. We spent a lot of time discussing the idea of ‘order and chaos’ - they are opposites - there is never a situation where both occur at the same time yet you cannot have one without the other. Order is the way most people would like things to be, to keep order we use laws and rules so that everything should stay in control, without which there would be chaos. Chaos can be shown in many different ways such as riots or personal chaos e.g. a mental breakdown. There is no order in this kind of situation, if there were to be it would no longer be a riot but a march. We began by drawing out a spider diagram with the ideas we brainstormed about ‘order and chaos’. Using these ideas we decided to base our piece on Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) as it seem to express the idea of someone keeping order so much, to the point where their life becomes chaotic. In order for us to meet the criteria of this project we decided that we needed to research OCD so that we could base this piece on factual information. Our group gained a lot of useful information from the Internet and books. Fears, worries suspicions and beliefs come into everyday life but when these doubts start to emerge much more excessively e.g. spending hours washing clean hands or driving round and round making sure no road accidents have occurred, these worries start becoming classed as obsessive compulsive. A lot of people who have been diagnosed with this disorder can only describe it as mental hiccups, which cannot be controlled. The cause of OCD is a medical brain turmoil in which people have trouble processing certain information. It is also caused by a ‘weak’ or unstable personality. Usually people with OCD will suffer with certain obsessions as well as compulsions, but in some cases they may only suffer with one or the other. One of our group members new someone who suffered with this disorder quite badly. They had observed this person from the beginning before being diagnosed with OCD. As a group we decided that we could use this person as a basis for our piece. This meant that we had some first hand information on the disorder so we could give our piece some

CFC20 Healthy eating for families Essay

?2. 1 Outline the importance of family mealtimes. Family meals are important; it will help the family come to together. At the meal time everyone can talk and listen. They can talk about how they feel or what they have done. Children can learn how to sit at the table and behave. Regular meal time it is important of the child’s daily routine and they can learn about healthy food. 2. 2. Describe ways to encourage children to eat healthily. Give the children healthy foods. Show children that you eat healthy food, they will like to be copying. Eating should be fun and shared with other family members. Try not to give them too much snack. Children usually have small appetites so they may need to be given small portions of food at mealtimes. Give them a wide variety of foods so that they get used to a range of tastes and textures Limit the amount of sugary and fatty foods they eat Encourage the children to drink nutritious drinks such as a milk or diluted unsweetened fruit juices instead of sweetened. Children should be become independent at feeding themselves as soon as possible Let young children help with food preparation Aim to provide three meals, with nutritious snacks between meals 3. 1. Identify food restrictions for religious groups. There are some foods that not everyone eats. When planning meals, it is good idea to find out what people can and cannot eat. Some religions have rules about food and they have rules about the way food is made, such as Jewish and Muslim families will only eat meat if the animal has been killed in a certain way. Religious group Comments Hindus They don’t eat beef Most of them are vegetarian They don’t eat cheese, eggs They don’t usually eat pork Sikhs Some are vegetarian; others will eat lamb, chicken and fish They don’t usually eat pork They don’t eat beef Jews Meat must be kosher. Do not eat pork, shellfish or fish without fins and scales Separate cooking dishes must be used for dairy products They don’t eat dairy products and meat together Muslims Meat must be halal They don’t eat pork May not eat some dairy products During the Ramadan adults fast between sunrise and sunset Rastafarians Mainly vegetarian, some eat fish They don’t eat pork May not eat some cheese 3. 2. Outline special dietary requirements There are groups of people who may have other food needs Vegetarian Vegan 3. 3. Identify food allergies Having a food allergy means that eating or sometimes touching a certain food causes a person to be ill. If person has an allergy to a certain food, they should avoid eating. An allergic reaction can happen when somebody eats the food they are allergic to, and become ill. We have to careful before we giving people food. There are common allergies such as; Milk Peanuts and nuts from trees Eggs Wheat Fish Honey Sesame 4. 1. Give reasons for hand washing before food preparation BEFORE TOUCH THE FOOD BEFORE THE TOUCH THE PLATES AFTER YOU HAVE BEEN TO TOILET AFTER YOU HAVE SNEEZED OR COUGHT Before making or serving food we should wash our hands with hot water and soap. This will stop germs on your hands from going onto the food or onto the plates. It also stops germs from raw meat and fish from getting onto foods that are ready to serve. 4. 2/4. 3 Food storage and preparation to stop cross-contamination Foods have to be stored properly for it to be safe, so that the food is good to eat and free from germs and bacteria. One hazard of poor food storage is cross-contamination. Some foods are not safe to eat raw because they have germs on them which are removed only during the cooking, which then makes the food safe to eat. Cross-contamination happens when the germs from raw foods are passed on to cook foods, which are then eaten. Use separate chopping boards and knives for raw and cooked foods. Wrap up cooked foods Cook raw foods well Do not store raw and cooked foods near each other Keep the kitchen clean Defrost food before cooking if required Make sure that food is cooked all the way through, especially meat and fish Keep hot food hot and cold food cold Wrap or cover food and put it away in the fridge or cupboard as soon as it is cool Make sure that raw meat and fish are kept at the bottom of the fridge to stop them dripping onto cooked food and causing cross-contamination.

Essay On The 8th Amendment - 1791 Words

The Most Significant Amendment in the Bill of Rights Throughout the history of this ever-expanding nation as well as many others, there have been times in which words alone were able to stop an action. Consequences were bountiful and punishment seemed to be thought of on the fly. For instance, a convicted murderer may have gotten thrown in jail, however a man who may have sneezed on the king would have been burned at the stake for â€Å"Crimes against the Kingdom.† In modern times it seems nearly impossible to think that such unfathomable treatment was commonplace and, worse yet, a public spectacle. After many years of being free of British rule, the Framers of the United States Constitution had envisioned a society based on the treatment from†¦show more content†¦This is a very appropriate analogy because neither the date nor year is mentioned, leaving only facts. A man was killed and his murderer was hung. Those 2 minor details lay out the entire scenario from start to end. This is identical to how the world had work ed. You could charge a man for stealing a loaf of bread as easily and readily as you could cut off his hands for doing the same thing. In modern times however, variables can determine severity of consequence in a way that creates a â€Å"fair† decision based on preponderance of evidence including time, location, gender, mental inclination, political views and any other random inconveniences that may lead to conflict either internally or physically. In light of this topic, another portion of the original writing, â€Å"...excessive fines† can be discussed. Rather than all acts leading to the same punishment, there are varying levels of severity to each issue. A very common example of this would be tax evasion. (1) Tax evasion essentially means filling out tax forms with knowingly incorrect figures and data. (2) As a direct result of tax evasion, convicted criminals are presented with penalties varying from either 1-5 years in prison or a $100,000 fine maximum. Once agai n, variables play a tremendous role of importance in this form of punishment. Often times, tax evasion is played off into a fine and while incarceration is still a prevalent issue it is far less moreShow MoreRelatedEssay The 8th Amendment1201 Words   |  5 PagesThe 8th Amendment In the United States Constitution, the 8th Amendment prohibits the use and practices of cruel and unusual punishment. What exactly is considered to be cruel and unusual punishment? This question is a hot topic among Americas many different current controversies. Many people are saying that the use of capital punishment (to be sentenced to death as a penalty in the eyes of the law [a capital crime]. 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